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<li><a href="#增加新字段">增加新字段</a></li>
<li><a href="#增加模型方法">增加模型方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#迁移数据库">迁移数据库</a></li>
<li><a href="#修改视图函数">修改视图函数</a></li>
<li><a href="#在模板中显示阅读量">在模板中显示阅读量</a></li>
<li><a href="#总结">总结</a></li>
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  <div class="unit-3-4 unit-1-on-mobile top-gap">
    


<div class="bg-white card post-card px-7 py-5">
  
<article class="post">
  <h1 class="top-gap-0">统计文章阅读量</h1>
  <ul class="list-inline dot-divider post-meta">
    <li class="list-inline-item text-small text-muted">
      10 月，3 周前
    </li>
    <li class="list-inline-item text-small text-muted">2846 字
    </li>
    <li class="list-inline-item text-small text-muted">
      9875 阅读
    </li>
    <li class="list-inline-item text-small text-muted">
      11 评论
    </li>
  </ul>
  <div class="top-gap-big post-body">
    <p>如何精确地记录一篇文章的阅读量是一个比较复杂的问题，不过对于我们的博客来说，没有必要记录的那么精确。因此我们使用一种简单但有效的方式来记录博客文章的阅读量：文章每被浏览一次，则其阅读量 +1，即所谓的文章页面 PV（Page View）数。虽然简单粗暴，但却高效实用。</p>
<h2 id="增加新字段">增加新字段</h2>
<p>为了记录文章的浏览量，需要在文章的数据库表中新增一个用于存储阅读量的字段。因此给博客文章的模型新增一个 <code>views</code> 字段：</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># ... 其它已有字段</span>
    <span class="c1"># 新增 views 字段记录阅读量</span>
    <span class="n">views</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PositiveIntegerField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>


<p>注意 <code>views</code> 字段的类型为 <code>PositiveIntegerField</code>，该类型的值只允许为正整数或 0，因为阅读量不可能为负值。初始化时 <code>views</code> 的值为 0。</p>
<h2 id="增加模型方法">增加模型方法</h2>
<p>一旦用户访问了某篇文章，这时就应该将 <code>views</code> 的值 +1，这个过程最好由 <code>Post</code> 模型自己来完成，因此再给模型添加一个自定义的方法：</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># ... 其它已有字段</span>
    <span class="c1"># 新增 views 字段记录阅读量</span>
    <span class="n">views</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PositiveIntegerField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="c1"># ... 其它已有的模型方法</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">increase_views</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">views</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">update_fields</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;views&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>


<p><code>increase_views</code> 方法首先将自身对应的 <code>views</code> 字段的值 +1（此时数据库中的值还没变），然后调用 <code>save</code> 方法将更改后的值保存到数据库。注意这里使用了 <code>update_fields</code> 参数来告诉 Django 只更新数据库中 <code>views</code> 字段的值，以提高效率。</p>
<p>你也许担心如果两个人同时访问一篇文章，更改数据库中的阅读量字段的值时会不会冲突？其实不必担心，我们本来就不是精确地统计阅读量，而且个人博客的流量通常也不会很大，所以偶尔的冲突导致的数据误差是可以忽略不计的。</p>
<h2 id="迁移数据库">迁移数据库</h2>
<p>一旦更改了模型，就需要迁移数据库，以便让 Django 将更改反应到数据库中。激活虚拟环境，运行如下两条命令：</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
</pre></div>


<p>关于数据库的迁移，具体可以参照 <a href="http://zmrenwu.com6.html">让 Django 完成翻译：迁移数据库模型</a>。</p>
<h2 id="修改视图函数">修改视图函数</h2>
<p>当用户请求访问某篇文章时，处理该请求的视图函数为 <code>detail</code> 。一旦该视图函数被调用，说明文章被访问了一次，因此我们修改 <code>detail</code> 视图函数，让被访问的文章在视图函数被调用时阅读量 +1。</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">views</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">detail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_object_or_404</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="c1"># 阅读量 +1</span>
    <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">increase_views</span><span class="p">()</span>

    <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">markdown</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                  <span class="n">extensions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
                                      <span class="s1">&#39;markdown.extensions.extra&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                      <span class="s1">&#39;markdown.extensions.codehilite&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                      <span class="s1">&#39;markdown.extensions.toc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                  <span class="p">])</span>
    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CommentForm</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">comment_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">comment_set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="p">,</span>
               <span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span>
               <span class="s1">&#39;comment_list&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">comment_list</span>
               <span class="p">}</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog/detail.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>


<p>即只需在视图函数中调用模型的 <code>increase_views</code> 方法即可。</p>
<h2 id="在模板中显示阅读量">在模板中显示阅读量</h2>
<p>在模板中显示阅读量和显示其它字段一样，只需要使用模板变量即可。即模板适当的地方使用 {{ post.views }} 模板变量。这里我们分别修改两个地方，分别是 index.html 和 detail.html。</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>templates/blog/index.html

<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;entry-meta&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
  ...
  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;views-count&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{{ post.get_absolute_url }}&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>{{ post.views }} 阅读<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>


<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>templates/blog/detail.html

<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;entry-meta&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
  ...
  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;views-count&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>{{ post.views }} 阅读<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</pre></div>


<p>好了，这样当用户每访问一次文章详情，<code>views</code> 记录的数值就会 +1，从而达到粗略统计阅读量的目的。</p>
<h2 id="总结">总结</h2>
<p>本章节的代码位于：<a href="https://github.com/zmrenwu/django-blog-tutorial/tree/Step16_record-post-views">Step16: record post views</a>。</p>
<p>如果遇到问题，请通过下面的方式寻求帮助。</p>
<ul>
<li>在下方评论区留言。</li>
<li>将问题的详细描述通过邮件发送到 djangostudyteam@163.com，一般会在 24 小时内回复。</li>
<li>在 <a href="http://www.pythonzh.cn/category/newbie-qa/">Pythonzhcn 社区的新手问答版块</a> 发布帖子。</li>
</ul>
    <p class="text-center">
      -- EOF --
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    <p>博主你好，这个博客系统没有登录注册注销的功能吗</p>
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    <p>感谢博主</p>
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    <span class="nickname text-small text-muted">老山龙先生
        

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        <span class="text-small text-muted nickname">ghosx
          
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                                                        <i class="fa fa-share" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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    <span class="nickname text-small text-muted">老山龙先生
        

  </header>
  <div class="comment-body">
    {{comment_list.count}}
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        <span class="text-small text-muted nickname">吉超
          
        </span>
    
    <span class="reply-label text-small text-muted">
                                                        <i class="fa fa-share" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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    <p>{{ comment_list|length }}</p>
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